The concept of Happiness according to Kant ( with the categorical imperative) and Mill (with the utilitarianism).

The concept of Happiness according to Kant ( with the categorical imperative) and Mill (with the utilitarianism). Kant vs. MIll"Happiness"In two words the concept of happiness exemplifies the "American dream". People go to any means by which to obtain the many varied materials and issues that induce pleasures in each individual, and ultimately in the end, the emotion remains the ultimate goal. John Stewart Mills, a nineteenth century philosopher, correctly supported the pursuit of happiness, and maintained the concept that above all other values, pleasure existed as the utmost objective. Mills promoted his views of natural human tendency and his arguments supporting his theory that above all else, happiness was the most important dream to be fulfilled. Although Mills believed so strongly in his idea of happiness, another philosopher, by the name of Immanuel Kant, proposes a counter argument based on the principles of metaphysics. Immanuel Kant, in " Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," defends his strong beliefs in the issue of a good will.Mill Street, WarwickIn my paper I will discuss the different claims made by each Mills and Kant on happiness's role in moral life, and present the issue that diminishes to a clash between emotions and pleasures verses rationality and logic.Kant's moral theory and Utilitarianism are similar in the respect that they both attempt to explain how one can go about acting ethically, however they differ in areas of measuring morality and their usage of rules. Both Kant and Mills measure morality in different ways. Kant says that an act is deemed moral for two reasons: if it's done for the sake of duty and if its maxim can be willed as a universal law. If one completes an action based on their duty to perform, they do the right thing because it is what they feel they ought to do as their duty. Therefore, this act would...

Word Class Definition and Examples

Word Class Definition and Examples In English grammar, a word class is a set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their inflections and distribution. The term word class is similar to the more traditional term, part of speech. It is also variously called grammatical category, lexical category, and  syntactic category (although these terms are not wholly or universally synonymous). The two major families of word classes are lexical (or open or form) classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and function (or closed or structure) classes (determiners, particles, prepositions, and others). Examples and Observations When linguists began to look closely at English grammatical structure in the 1940s and 1950s, they encountered so many problems of identification and definition that the term part of speech soon fell out of favor, word class being introduced instead. Word classes are equivalent to parts of speech, but defined according to strict linguistic criteria. (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003)There is no single correct way of analyzing words into word classes...Grammarians disagree about the boundaries between the word classes (see gradience), and it is not always clear whether to lump subcategories together or to split them. For example, in some grammars...pronouns are classed as nouns, whereas in other frameworks...they are treated as a separate word class. (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, Edmund Weiner,  The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) Form Classes and Structure Classes [The] distinction between lexical and grammatical meaning determines the first division in our classification: form-class words and structure-class words. In general, the form classes provide the primary lexical content; the structure classes explain the grammatical or structural relationship. Think of the form-class words as the bricks of the language and the structure words as the mortar that holds them together. The form classes also known as content words or open classes include: NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs The structure classes, also known as function words or closed classes, include: DeterminersPronounsAuxiliariesConjunctionsQualifiersInterrogativesPrepositionsExpletivesParticles Probably the most striking difference between the form classes and the structure classes is characterized by their numbers. Of the half million or more words in our language, the structure words- with some notable exceptions- can be counted in the hundreds. The form classes, however, are large, open classes; new nouns and verbs and adjectives and adverbs regularly enter the language as new technology and new ideas require them. (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1998) One Word, Multiple Classes Items may belong to more than one class. In most instances, we can only assign a word to a word class when we encounter it in context. Looks is a verb in It looks good, but a noun in She has good looks; that is a conjunction in I know that they are abroad, but a pronoun in I know that and a determiner in I know that man; one is a generic pronoun in One must be careful not to offend them, but a numeral in Give me one good reason. (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Suffixes as Signals We recognize the class of a word by its use in context. Some words have suffixes (endings added to words to form new words) that help to signal the class they belong to. These suffixes are not necessarily sufficient in themselves to identify the class of a word. For example, -ly is a typical suffix for adverbs (slowly, proudly), but we also find this suffix in adjectives: cowardly, homely, manly. And we can sometimes convert words from one class to another even though they have suffixes that are typical of their original class: an engineer, to engineer; a negative response, a negative. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2009) A Matter of Degree [N]ot all the members of a class will necessarily have all the identifying properties. Membership in a particular class is really a matter of degree. In this regard, grammar is not so different from the real world. There are prototypical sports like football and not so sporty sports like darts. There are exemplary mammals like dogs and freakish ones like the platypus. Similarly, there are good examples of verbs like watch and lousy examples like beware; exemplary nouns like chair that display all the features of a typical noun and some not so good ones like Kenny. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010)

Pick one all info is there Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pick one all info is there - Essay Example They feel oppressed, disconnected, machine-like, and very much out of control with being forced to perform in some manner in order to regain those freedoms. How can this be? First of all, in order to determine what freedom is and what it isn't, we must clarify and accept the definition of the word freedom. The Free Dictionary defines freedom as the condition of being free from restraints. It also includes political independence, lack of slavery, detention or oppression, exemption from authority in performing a certain task or action, liberty, exemption from an onerous or unpleasant condition, the ability to choose for oneself, and move about without restriction, lack of reserve or modesty, full access, all the rights of citizenship or membership, and the power to perform certain actions without interference or control. This is a very broad definition containing many implications and directions for freedom to go. II. Point One By considering freedom in the broadest of terms, it's easy to see how one may think it would be the most wonderful concept on the planet; everyone should be free. Life would have the greatest meaning for the largest number of people if only there was more freedom. The suffering and oppression of Third World countries would be alleviated and more people would rise from the ashes to take their places if only there was more freedom in the world. All people would be free to live a life of their own choosing; finding success and peace within themselves, lacking nothing of comfort and convenience necessary for daily living. While this may be a very broad goal, not easily attainable; it is neither logical nor practical. The systems created to serve life on planet Earth cannot operate within this framework. Most economic systems require there to be supply and demand; which also requires there to be people who consume as well as those who produce. This, in turn, requires there to be managers, as well as workers have no ability to move around withou t restrictions or to perform certain actions without interference or control; the haves and the have nots. III. Point Two Perhaps freedom just means freedom from an onerous and unpleasant condition. Well, if that were the case, then freedom from hunger, pain, illness, or even a bad relationship or boring career would bring immediate relief for millions of people across the globe. Yet, the systems they were born into dictate for them what they’re entitled to for daily living; including the choice to marry and with whom they will marry, what career they will have, if they will work, and who they will work for. Maybe political independence is necessary in order to remove the suffering from the world. By gaining full access to all the rights of citizenship within a geographical area, having the power to move around with exemption of authority as well as the ability to make decisions without interference or control would create a world where all the needs of the people are met and the human family is happy and satisfied. As long as there is only one person in this utopian society, things would be fine. The problem exists when people, who are uniquely different in their growth and development, as well as in their needs, beyond the basics, try to live together in small spaces, called communities. Then, the concept of freedom becomes moderately distorted. My freedom

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 22

Case Study Example CRO business has seemed to become very popular in aiding with FDA approval. FDA approval is not something that is easily achieved. Before drugs are able to become available on the market, they must go through hundreds of tests. These tests ensure that the drug is safe. Safety of the drug is important for the lives of those using the drugs and the company’s and CRO’s creating and testing the drug. In order for these CRO businesses to become successful, the firm’s name has to achieve a good reputation and maintain a level of standard that other companies would recommend. Kendle has become a company that is recommended. Kendle is doing well for the American market. The American market has allowed Kendle to make it to its full potential. Full potential for a business, in regards to Kendle, can be defined as a business’s achieving the maximum amount of clients for a market. This meant that as stated in the case, Kendle had to sell, grow or disappear. This was a very accurate explanation as to what had to be done. The firm could not just stay how it was. Something had to be done in order for the firm to remain competitive over other similar businesses. Kendle faces many strategic choices. In order to survive Kendle must either decide to do one of three things. The first strategic choice that Kendle can make is to grow and expand the firm. Growing the firm means expanding to other areas and possibly merging or buying out other companies. This choice is perfect if the firm wants to expand and keep the firm going. The second strategic choice is to sell the company. Selling the company will likely be a lengthy process that will include lots of negotiating. Selling means that the original founders will have to find a seller that is willing to purchase for the right amount. This also means that a selling price will have to be decided. In order to decide a selling price the firm will need to find out what the company is worth and decide whether or

Theatre Funding in America Essay Example for Free

Theatre Funding in America Essay The theatres for the performing arts in the United States of America greatly vary in terms of age composition and specialties on theatric performances. As a result, the theatres found across America derive their funding from different sources, ranging from private individuals who share the same passion to companies and other organizations that seek to establish beneficiaries from their financial capabilities to support groups for the arts. It is not surprising, therefore, that theatre groups for children may have funding sources quite differently from theatre groups composed of more mature, if not adult, members. In general, the patrons for the theatre arts include but are not limited to local and national politicians, non-government organizations that primarily promote the preservation and the wider appreciation of theatre arts, and private entities and corporations. Basically, it is a widely held fact that membership in theatre groups do not essentially come for free although there are exceptions to this. Setting aside these exceptions, the initial source of funding for theatre groups to ‘operate’ are the membership fees paid for by the members of the theatre groups themselves. There are also many other fees that may be collected from the members of theatre groups depending on their discretion, and some of these fees may include monthly contributions and other miscellaneous fees. However, it can be said that the funds derived from the contributions of the members will hardly sustain the more resource-demanding activities of the theatre groups. For instance, a major performance in an auditorium with a large seating capacity and with complete amenities will require more than the members’ contributions accumulated during a certain period. In a case like this, it is often the prerequisite of theatre groups to seek major sponsors. External sponsorships play a significant role in funding the major activities of theatres inasmuch as they play an equally important role in securing the preparations for the event such as booking an auditorium a few weeks or months before the actual event, and selling tickets, if applicable, with the aid of creating a team that will handle such role. These two things, at the least, require funding, the source of which can practically come from the financial aid provided by private and public entities willing to stand as sponsors. For the most part, the government also contributes to the funding of theatres, one of which is through the creation of several agencies that promote the culture and the arts as a whole. Perhaps the primary arm of the government in sustaining the assistance to the art projects from various groups in America is the National Endowment for the Arts or NEA. Since the public agency was established by Congress in 1965, it has continued to provide grants to deserving applicants to this day. In 2007 alone, the agency has provided approximately $144 million to its beneficiaries from the different states of the country, both rural and urban (â€Å"National Endowment for the Arts Appropriation History†). NEA provides a fragment of its general funding appropriations to theatre companies of different genres, sizes and membership composition. A potential organization applying for NEA funding can request for up to $150,000 to a minimum of $5,000 depending on the needs of the theatre organization. Moreover, NEA also provides financing assistance to underserved populations, allotting them a grant for up to $10,000 as part of the agency’s mission of reaching every community in America with the artistic inclinations for the theatre arts. NEA also encourages the participation of children in the theatre arts through its provision of financial grants reaching up to $150,000 to deserving theatre organizations composed primarily of young students (â€Å"National Endowment for the Arts Theatre Grants†). One important aspect with regard to the collaborative efforts of private corporations to sponsor several activities of theatre organizations in the United States is the fact that the government provides â€Å"indirect subsidies† to corporations doing so through â€Å"tax expenditures that allow both individuals and corporations to make tax deductible donations to cultural organizations (Mulcahy and Wyszomirski, p. 121)†. It is not surprising, therefore, that private enterprises engage in sponsorships for the activities of theatre groups precisely because it’s a win-win solution for both the sponsoring corporation and the receiving theatre organization: the theatre group receives the financial support it needs in order to materialize their stage performances and the sponsoring corporation gets tax deductions, which means more profit for the latter. Suffice it to say that there are several examples which can be cited that supports this observation. For example, Paper Mill Playhouse, a musical theatre group established during the 18th century in America, has conducted several theatre performances in the past which were sponsored by American Airlines, one of the leading companies in the American airline industry (â€Å"Paper Mill Playhouse: Shows on Our Stage†). Another example is that of Orpheum Theatre located in Memphis, Tennessee where at least a series of nine Broadway plays were sponsored in part by Harrah’s Tunica Hotel and Casinos which is a private corporation (â€Å"Orpheum Theatre Broadway Series†). There are still countless other theatre organizations that have been receiving funding from private corporations through sponsorships either in part or in full, which brings us to the differences in sponsorship packages. Funding from private corporations usually comes through sponsorship packages, depending on the internal arrangements made between the theatre organization and the private corporation. For example, the sponsoring corporation may prefer to finance the overall theatre performance of the organization, including the expenses for the stage set-up and the payment for the location where the theatre performance will be held. The ‘package deal’ may also be limited to an inclusion of the company’s name in the billing or in the tickets as an advertisement bargain. The important thing to note is that corporate sponsorships of any theatre group’s activities greatly vary depending on the agreement made between the performing theatre group and the corporation itself. These variations, in turn, affect the funding which will be received by the theatre organization. The bigger the share of the sponsoring corporation in the payment of expenses for, say, a specific stage play, the lesser the finances the theatre organization will handle at the end of the day. The bigger the share of the sponsoring corporation could also mean the bigger tax deductions from the tax payments for the corporation. There is also another way for theatre groups to receive funding from private corporations, which is to solicit directly from these corporations a certain amount. A theatre organization can, for instance, make solicitation letters and personally deliver them to the corporation that they seem fit to sponsor their stage play. In return, the organization can provide advertisement deals with the corporation before and until the day of the stage performance. The primary difference between soliciting from the previous funding example provided is that the former necessitates the organization to directly engage prospective sponsors through the organization’s initiatives. On the other hand, private corporations who are attracted to sponsor a certain theatre activity are usually the ones who make the first step in contacting the theatre organization and in laying down their sponsorship deals. Another source of funding for theatre organizations is personal donation from private individuals who do not represent either the government or any private corporation. Philanthropists, among others, provide a big push for theatre organizations in pursuing their activities especially when philanthropists donate a huge sum of money without expecting anything in return such as exposure in the form of advertisements from posters to tickets. Although the instances when such persons give financial donations to theatre groups are not always present or are not the usual order of things, it can hardly be denied that personal donations from such people can stand at par with, if not more than, the financial backing provided by private corporations and government agencies such as the NEA. There are also private individuals who, although their contributions through monetary donations may not equal those from the corporations and the NEA, can provide additional funding. Establishing theatre organizations and, more importantly, sustaining activities for such groups are hefty tasks which involve funding in many ways. Although funding is a challenging task for theatre groups to handle especially for those who are new in theatre arts, there are several private corporations and individuals as well government agencies who can provide help in financial terms. Works Cited Mulcahy, Kevin V. , and Margaret Jane Wyszomirski. â€Å"The Organization of Public Support for the Arts. † America’s Commitment to Culture: Government and the Arts. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. 121. â€Å"National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History†. 2008. National Endowment for the Arts. August 7, 2008. http://www. nea. gov/about/Budget/AppropriationsHistory. html. â€Å"National Endowment for the Arts Theatre Grants†. 2008. National Endowment for the Arts. August 7, 2008. http://www. nea. gov/grants/apply/Theater. html. â€Å"Orpheum Theatre Broadway Series†. Memphis, TN. Orpheum Theatre. August 7, 2008. http://www. orpheum-memphis. com/index. cfm? section=comattracpage=broadwayma. â€Å"Paper Mill Playhouse: Shows on Our Stage†. Millburn, NJ, 2006. Paper Mill Playhouse. August 7, 2008. http://www. papermill. org/stage/shows. php? ID=45.

Aphoristic Dangers of Alexander Pope Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If â€Å"imitation is the sincerest flattery,† then more than 250 years after his passing Alexander Pope deserves a spot in the ranks as one of the most flattered writers of all time. His works have been dissected of every phrase of possible significance and spilled onto page-a-day calendars and books of wit across the world. The beauty of his catchy maxims is that they are not only memorable, but attempt to convey his philosophy with perfect poetic ingenuity. Unfortunately, his well-achieved goals of â€Å"strik[ing] the reader more strongly† (Man 2527), easy retainability of his words, and most decidedly, conciseness, also yield an undesired effect. Utilizing this dicey method of epigrammatic couplets for such serious issues, Pope sacrifices pieces of his intended message, for the sake of rhyme, leading to easily misleading and generalizing messages that are open to scathing criticisms, misunderstandings and the possible loss of his some of his co mposition’s integrity as well as a confusion of his own convictions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The keys to great aphorisms are their ability to be applied to more common situations, thereby making them even more memorable by their availability for frequent usage, their ear-catching prominence and their paradoxical nature. That final element is what makes aphorisms so engaging. The most witty and intelligent examples are those that expose two supposed opposites for their ironic closeness and display the fine line between contradiction and a surprisingly parallel relationship between both.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A good example of such a saying is found in line 213 of â€Å"An Essay on Criticism.† â€Å"Trust not yourself; but your defects to know, / Make use of every friend - and every foe.† Here Pope is in the advising stage of his Essay and uses the surprise ending â€Å"and every foe† as a display of irony, in that it’s not only the counsel of friends one needs to depend on, but the unabashed critique of one’s rivals that can prove useful, as well. It is these types of witticisms that are a notorious characteristic of essays in general, but the most enjoyable and artistic part of Pope’s works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pope’s true genius is displayed in his one-line masterpieces that do not rely on rhyme to stay memorable. â€Å"An Essay on Criticism† is full of these. â€Å"For fool rush in where an... ...cance of Pope’s use of epigrammatic couplets as his rhetorical device of choice in these two essays is that many faults are found in such a method, for the sake of didacticism. True scholars would be able to take his message, had it instead been explicated in prose, and thoroughly, and without uncertainty, been able to learn and build upon his salient arguments. Were his goal merely to advise and entertain, then he did so exceptionally well while building a legendary volume of aphorisms in the process, but if Pope was truly trying to develop and compose an argument for critique and the state of man to follow and imitate Nature, then essayistic prose following the models of Locke and Hobbes would have been more appropriate and less ambiguous. Works Cited Pope, Alexander. â€Å"An Essay on Criticism.† The Longman Anthology of British   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature. Volume 1C. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. 2459-2478 Pope, Alexander. â€Å"An Essay on Man.† The Longman Anthology of British   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature. Volume 1C. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. New York: Longman,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999. 2526-2535

Digital Land Management in Bangladesh Essay

Bangladesh has a very high population density. Scarce land and the rapid increase of population of the country are creating high pressure over land-man ratio. Land ownership record system is insufficient and incomplete in Bangladesh. As a result, it spills out jumbled and spontaneous land development throughout the country, especially in the major cities. In this situation, it is important to establish a compatible land administration and management system for establishing a systematic approach for planned land development. Land Information System (LIS) is the most accountable and feasible systematic approach for developing an up-to-date land administration and management. LIS is related to various quantitative and qualitative aspects of land resource. Holding different cartographic information, LIS facilitates capturing, retrieval, and querying of information and provides tools to perform different analyses. Based on the secondary information by literature review, this paper is aimed at studying the existing land administration system, and recommending feasible interventions and strategy of LIS for creating an efficient land administration and management policy for Bangladesh. This paper also focuses on the challenges of LIS that are needed to be resolved for framing the existing land administration and management policy for planned and controlled growth of Bangladesh. Introduction Bangladesh, a South-Asian developing country is characterized by very high population growth and scare land. It spills out jumbled and spontaneous land development within urban areas as well as other areas within the country. The rapid increase of population is continuously reducing the land-man ratio of the country. The rate of land transfer and land conversion is also very high in Bangladesh. Rapid population growth combined with fast rate of land transformation urges for an effective land administration and management system. However, the conventional land administration system cannot keep pace with the growing demand and changing situation of the land market. Inappropriate land administration and management system is the cause for unplanned growth, and this eventually generates problems in community life. Inadequate and improper land records increase difficulties in the security of land tenure and land transfer. For this, it becomes an obligation to establish a compatible land administration and management system by setting up a holistic approach. Land Information System (LIS) is the most feasible systematic approach for developing an efficient land administration and management system in Bangladesh. This paper focuses on the issues that are needed to be addressed in formulating a viable land administration and management policy for the planned and controlled growth in Bangladesh. An Overview of Present Land Administration and Management in Bangladesh Land record system in Bangladesh forms an integral part of land administration, encompassing preparation of Record-of-Rights (ROR) through surveying and mapping of land plots, registration of deeds during transfer of land and updating ownership records. At present, two different Ministries namely Ministry of Land (MoL); Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs (MLJPA) practice land administration and management in Bangladesh. Directorate of Land Record and Survey (DLRS) under the MoL prepares ROR and updating of ROR (mutation) is done by upazila land office which is under the jurisdiction of MoL. Furthermore, registration of transfer deed is under obligation of Registration Department that is under the MLJPA. The DLRS is entrusted with the responsibility of carrying out cadastral surveys and preparation of ROR. A revised mauza map showing location, area and characteristics and a khatian indicating ownership, area and character of land are the two parts of ROR. The DLRS conducts surveys and settlement operations through Zonal Settlement offices and Upazila Settlement offices. A survey team consisting of two Surveyors and one Chainman conduct the survey operation. The steps of hearing objections and appeal are done by Sub-Assistant Settlement Officer (SASO) and Assistant Settlement Officer (ASO) respectively (Aziz, 2003). Survey operation consists of the following phases: traverse survey, Kistwar (Plot to Plot) survey, preliminary record writing (Khanapuri), demarcation of boundary, local explanation (Bujharat), attestation (Tasdik), draft publication, disposal of objection, appeals, final Junk (checking), printing and publication of Khatian (Ahmed, 1994). Furthermore, revisional settlement for upgrading land record is undertaken  by the settlement offices. Land records that have been prepared through revisional settlement operation are reliable (Siddiqui, 1997). Land registration is a deed of maintenance of a public register, which is a record of an isolated transactions. Sub-Register (SR) registers transfer of any parcel of land through a deed with stamp on the property value as Immovable Property Transfer Tax (IPTT). When any deed is registered in Registration office, Land Transfer (LT) notice is to be sent to the Office of Assistant Commissioner’s (AC, Land) Office (Aziz, 2003). Mutation is the process of revising and updating the ROR on transfer of land ownership and on subdivision and amalgamation of landholdings. The AC (Land) working under Deputy Commissioner (DC) updates or revises partially these land records through mutation process. There are two ways of mutation (Siddiqui, 1997): i) Mutation according to LT; and ii) Mutation in response to application to the Upazila Land office. After the finalization of land records in survey operation the DLRS sends khatians, mauza maps to the DC office that preserves them in the District Record Room. At present, a Record Room is also maintained in the AC (Land) Office and Union Land Office. These Land Records provide the base to conduct further survey and preparation of master plan, structure plan, infrastructure development plan, valuation of property tax, etc. Furthermore, these records are used as the base for functioning of public and private development and by the companies providing utility services. Problems of Present Land Administration and Management in Bangladesh Lack of coordination: Land record preparation, upgrading of ROR and land transfer registration are the integral parts of land administration and these should be coordinated well enough. However, these offices work separately with little coordination among them (Aziz, 2003). At present the responsible ministries and agencies involved for land management and administration work independently with little coordination among them. Manual and Labour intensive Process: The whole process is manual, laborious and time  intensive. Conventional methods of land survey, preparation and upgradation of land records, maintenance of all related data for each parcel of land makes land administration and management incomplete and inefficient. Widespread Fake Documenting: Moreover, distortion of land records at various stages (i.e. plot-to-plot survey, preparation of records and drawing of maps through conventional methods, objections, junk / checking works, printing, etc.) hinders land development control and property tax collection. Isolated maintenance of registration deeds and delay for sending LT notices to the AC (Land) office by the Registration office makes mutation and eventually the upgrading of ROR a lengthy procedure. As a result, it requires revisional settlement for updating land record that is more complex and time consuming. All the current stages of conventional preparation of ROR are vulnerable to tampering and distortion. No Single Ownership Document: Khatians are not conclusive evidence of ownership, merely provide basis for possession at the recording time. Under the prevailing legal system, khatians along with deeds and mutated documents together are relevant for ownership decision by a Civil court (Mia, 1996). The lengthy and complex process of ownership determination enhances conflicts. The present system of registered transfer deed of land does not prove ownership or transferable rights of the seller rather put risk of false transfer (Aziz, 2003). Deeds are full of unnecessary, irrelevant and meaningless words that make them difficult to understand. Fraud and forgery: Inadequate and improper land registrations increase difficulties in land security tenure and land transfer in Bangladesh, as deed system does not provide the final proof of the proprietary right (Alam, 1992; Hossain, 1995). There is no provision of compensation if any loses occur to some person due to mistakes or errors in the deed. These results large-scale fraud and forgery related to land sale registration (Alam, 1992). There is notable corruption in Registration Office. If certain rate is not paid to the officers and staffs of the office, the deed is not placed before the Sub-Registrar for registration. There is also a tendency of reporting lower price of land during the time of registration for avoiding IPTT or overpricing for getting the favour for finding bank loan for land development. It is an open secret that applicants are compelled to pay an extra amount of money than government settled charge in Tehshil office in the time of mutation. The mutation records can be distorted either during survey and settlement operations or due to false report of the Tehsildars. Inefficiency og Settlement Press: Inadequate capacity of the Settlement Press for printing land records and poor quality of record maintenance also aggravate the inefficiency of the existing system. Many valuable records in Record Room have become worn out due to continuous use over a long period of time. Lack of the systematic and updated source of information has made the existing land record system more complicated and ambiguous that results innumerable land disputes and malpractice. Even government is continuously being deprived of her own (khas) land as grabbers manipulate ownership through forged documents (Barakat, 2001). Overwhelming land disputes: Over 3.2 million land-related cases are pending before the judiciary in Bangladesh. This huge figure does not take into account the large number of the aggrieved who do not feel empowered enough to approach the courts for litigation. Land disputes often lead to violence and criminal offenses. It is said that 80 percent of criminal offenses today stem from land disputes. Corruption: Manul process, lack of transparent documents   Given the absence of a transparent system, bribery and other irregularities are common. People in the administration who are responsible for creating and maintaining land records often prepare incorrect records intentionally, and land owners are forced to pay bribes to officials to get the records approved. Officials and surveyors are often in cahoots with touts and land sharks; cases abound where people have paid bribes to officials and/or surveyors and gotten land ownership transferred/recorded illegally in their names, leaving the real owner(s) running pillar to post to get justice. In 2006 alone, bribes worth about 83 billion Bangladeshi Taka were paid for land related services such as registration and altering of records. Rationality of LIS based Land Administration and Management in Bangladesh Land administration and management system is too much complicated in Bangladesh. For efficient and appropriate land management program, maintenance of updated land ROR is very much important. It is easy to facilitate quick capturing, retrieval, and querying by holding different cartographic information by LIS. This provides different tools to perform different analyses. As a result, LIS could suit with the spontaneous land conversion and title change in the country. Land Information System (LIS) for Land Administration and Management in Bangladesh Once an accurate geodetic framework and cadastral system has been developed, many analysis of land-tenure change could be preformed with the assurance of high degree of measurement accuracy. This attempts to arrive at compatible multiple land uses within selected parcel of land (Demers, 1999). Land administration and management, land use control, provision of utility services and other services can be pursued by computerized LIS. This system would serve unified services related to land management by marginal labor, time and money. Use of LIS for recording and maintaining the original volume of land records could minimize the chances of tampering of records. LIS could introduce Unified cadastre that is a broader concept to incorporate information related to positioning of land, land size and orientation, land ownership, land use etc. This is a large scale, community oriented land information system to serve both public and private organizations concerned to land administration and management, land development and service provision.

To Kill a Mockingbird Speech

â€Å"Some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negroes are not to be trusted around women – black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men†. That was a quote by Atticus Finch. Atticus Finch is a man who always tries to do what is right. In the novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ a major theme is racism. An innocent black man is unfairly charged for raping a white girl. Throughout the book we learn about Atticus’ views on racism as well as racism being present in the novel. I feel very strongly about this topic and my views about it are very similar to Atticus’, rather than most of the Maycomb community’s. In ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ racism has a big impact in the novel. Since the book was based in the 1930’s, the issue of racism was not only present in the book but was relevant at the time in the Southern States of America. In 1930 Negroes had only been free from slavery for 65 years. After these 65 years of being free citizens, most whites still believed they are below them. This isn’t so different in Australia. The Aboriginal Australians were only granted the right to vote, after a referendum was held in 1967. That was around 45 years ago and still some aboriginals still fall victims to racism. The town of Maycomb County is a good example of a community whom a majority of its citizens stereotype people by their skin colour. The difference from Atticus’s views on racism compared to a person like Bob Ewell is completely opposite. Atticus lives in a racist society and doesn’t share these prejudice views. Atticus once said â€Å"You never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them†. He teaches his children, Jem and Scout to treat everyone with respect, including their black housekeeper, Calpurnia. He respects people of colour and believes it is his duty to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his ability. Bob Ewell and a majority of Maycomb County do not agree with Atticus’s views. They don’t see Tom as â€Å"Tom†, they see him as a negro. Atticus quotes: â€Å"what was one negro, more or less, among two hundred of ‘em? Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? He wasn’t Tom to them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Due to the jury racially discriminating against Negroes, Tom Robinson was pronounced guilty. No matter how much evidence Atticus justified to the court that Tom Robinson was not guilty, the jury would still pick a white person over a Negro. Tom truly believed he had no chance for an appeal and decided to attempt to escape, taking his own chances and being shot. Tom believed that he would fall victim to racial prejudice again and not be judged fairly despite his innocence. Racism caused an innocent man’s death. In my opinion, I don’t see how anyone benefits from being racist and I am so against it. We are all human beings and that doesn’t change because of the colour of your skin. No race is better than the other and it is ignorant to believe that you are above someone else by judging their skin colour. Racism is so unnecessary and I stand with Atticus’s views when It comes to this topic. Atticus’s lack of racial prejudice shows how fair and genuinely good of a person he is. Atticus made an impression on the Maycomb community, a community that in the 1930’s were very racially discriminating against coloured people. Atticus influences the reader to have not judge someone based on their skin colour. The Tom Robinson case was a step towards stopping racism. ‘Atticus finch won’t win, he can’t win, but he’s the only man in these parts who can keep a jury out so long in a case like that. ’, Miss Maudie quotes ‘well, we’re making a step – it’s just a baby step, but it’s a step’. To Kill a Mockingbird Speech English Speech The bildungsroman genre comprises social and psychological maturity of its protagonist. Harper lee's To Kill a Mockingbird and Gwen Harwood's Father and Child poem both are written in bildungsroman genre. The two texts surround the themes of childhood innocence and maturing to reflect upon universal human experiences. Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird focuses on the protagonist, Scout, and how moves from a state of innocence to one of maturity. At the start of the book, Scout is like any other girl; her ideas are simple and childish.Scouts loss of innocence is portrayed in the Tom Robinson's trial. Most adults of the community insist scout is too young to hear about a trial about rape, however scout replies, â€Å"I most certainly am not, I know every word you're saying. † This shows the loss of innocence in Scout and reflects on the universal human experiences surrounding this theme. Similarly, Gwenn Harwood's Father and Child also uses the bildungsroman genre to depict universal human experiences.Harwood utilizes violent and visual imagery in portraying the child murdering the owl to emphasise the loss of innocence. Also the phrase, â€Å"for what I have begun† suggests that the child has lost their innocence and father's trust. The loss of innocence most certainly represents universal human experiences. Furthermore, Harper Lee displays the maturation in Scout from the beginning of the book to the end. At the beginning of the novel, scout is immature and rude.This is shown as scout fights Walter Cunningham for the reason of â€Å"not having his lunch†. When Scout says, â€Å"Who in this town did anything to help Tom Robinson, just who? † she shows signs of maturation in her ability to understand the issue of racism. Towards the end of the novel, though Scout is still a child, her perspectives on life develop onto a near grown up and this replicates the experiences faced by all humans. Gwen Harwood's Father and Child also shows maturation of the persona through the changes in relationships with her father.With many allusions of nature, Harwood constructs a dynamic backdrop which allow you to realise the subtle shifts in the child's personality. The theme of maturation is one which is presented in the bildungsroman genre to reflect on universal human experiences. As we can gather from the texts; To kill a Mockingbird and Father and Child, the use of bildungsroman genre appeals in its ability to capture universal human experiences. The themes of loss of innocence and maturation depict the universal human experiences in the two texts and reflect on this statement.

Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture

Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture Introduction Gangs use various signs and symbols to communicate different messages. Gang sub-culture has taken root in many urban areas across the world. Gang members have unique signs and symbols which they use to distinguish themselves from members of other gangs. This paper will discuss various signs and symbols commonly used in gangs and how they impact on the way gang members interact.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hand Signs Gang members use hand signs to pass across different messages to their peers. These messages are only understood by gang members. Gang members use these signs to pass across instructions to their fellow members to do particular actions. These hand signs are done through symbols of letters or gestures to convey certain meanings. In many urban societies, gang culture has become one of the most common methods of self-expression. Hand signs make it possible for gang members to interact and exchange specific information related to their own dealings (Carlie, 2002). These signs help to convey different types of messages which a gang member is supposed to carry out as expected of him. Hand signs are normally accompanied by other gestures to convey visual messages to targeted recipients. Walking styles and other forms of body language help to communicate different ideas between gang members. Sometimes, they serve as warnings of imminent arrests from law enforcement officers. Hand signs can also be used to warn a gang member of a possible violent attack by members of an opposing gang. Gang affiliation is a sub-culture which has gained popularity among many young people. Hand signals are used to communicate anger, feelings of disrespect or other desires between two or more gang members (Carlie, 2002). Therefore, gang members use these signs to show their loyalty and the pride they have in being me mbers of their gang. Tattoos Tattoos are some of the most common signs used to identify gang members. Gang members use tattoos to show the respect they command within their gangs. These tattoos serve as symbols of activities which an individual gang member has done to show his loyalty. Gang members who are willing to endure pain and torture without revealing secret criminal dealings of their gangs are highly respected. Therefore, tattoos are used to show how valuable they are to their gangs and the roles they play as members of their respective gangs (Schneider, 1999, p. 67). Gang members who have gone to prison for one offence or another are also highly regarded and this is shown through tattoos they have on their bodies. Some tattoos are used to show the number of people a gang member has killed or the activity which he has done to earn the respect of his fellow gang members.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pap er with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, tattoos are some of the most common symbols used in gang sub-cultures for different reasons. They can also be used to show respect for fellow gang members killed by other rival gangs. In many instances, gang members use tattoos to show their masculinity and bravado so as to intimidate other people. Tattoos are symbols of rebellion to the rule of law and order, which is one of the most common values gangs are known for. Some gang members also believe in various myths which they believe have strong relevance to their gangs (Schatzberg, p. 59). They etch tattoos on their bodies to signify that they revere these mythologies because of the value attached to them by their gangs. They are socialized by their leaders to attach a lot of value to these myths to enable them perform their roles effectively. Graffiti and other Symbols Other symbols which are commonly used by gangs include graffiti, clothing, accessories, colors and language. Graffiti is used to mark out territories in urban areas where gangs obtain illegal revenue from. These visual displays serve to warn other rival gangs not to do any ‘business’ in those locations failure to which they will face violent repercussions. Graffiti is also used to threaten members of particular gangs with violence if they continue doing a particular activity in a certain area (Klein, 2006, p. 79). Clothes, accessories and different colors are used to identify members of a gang and their attachment to its values. Sagging pants was a common form of gang expression used in the 1990’s to communicate various messages on male sexuality. Some gangs have their own language which members use to communicate to stop their secrets from leaking out to law enforcement officers. All these signs help to convey particular messages about gangs and their sub-cultures. Gang members are socialized to appreciate these signs because they strengthen their loyalty to their gang s. Signs and symbols help to make members aware on activities which they are supposed to do and how they are supposed to do them. These symbols are also pronouncements of deeds which have occurred or have not yet taken place. Signs and symbols help to convey various values and attitudes which gang members in various urban locations have a lot of pride in. References Carlie, M. (2002). Graffiti and other gang identifiers. Into the abyss:A personal journey into the world of street gangs. Retrieved from http://people.missouristate.edu/MichaelCarlie/what_i_learned_about/gangs/graffiti_and_other_identifiers.htmAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance Of Semiotic Texts In Gang Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Klein, M.W. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Schatzberg, R. (1993). Black organized crime in Harlem: 1920-1930. New York, NY: Garland Publishing. Schneide r, E.C. (1999). Vampires-dragons-and Egyptian kings: Youth gangs in postwar New York. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.

Definition and Examples of Word Words in English

Definition and Examples of Word Words in English Definition Word word is a term coined by Paul Dickson to describe a word or name thats repeated to distinguish it from a seemingly identical word or name. A more formal term for a word word is duplicate reduplication,  lexical cloning, or  contrastive focus reduplication. See Contrastive Focus Reduplication in English (The Salad-Salad Paper), by Jila Ghomeshi et al., (Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 22: 2004).     See Examples and Observations below. Also see: DisambiguationAntistasisHomographHomophonePloceReduplicativeRepetitionSemantic Satiation Examples and Observations There are situations in which it is necessary to repeat a word in order to make sure someone knows what you are talking about. For instance, you might be asked, Are you talking about an American Indian or an Indian Indian? Or Oh, youre talking about grass grass. I thought you were talking about grass.From what I have been able to determine, there is no word for this phenomenon, and word word seemed to be a logical name to give it.(Paul Dickson, Words: A Connoisseurs Collection of Old and New, Weird and Wonderful, Useful and Outlandish Words. Dell, 1983) School-School[T]he writer, the person who knows the importance of holidays, clarifies: I dont mean school-school, I mean fun-learning!(Ho Chee Lick, Values and Daily Discursive Practices. Text in Education and Society, ed. by Desmond Allison et al. Singapore University  Press, 1998) Murder MurderHave you ever murdered anyone?Is this a philosophical question?I dont mean warfare. I mean murder, murder.(Kathryn Miller Haines, Winter in June: A Rosie Winter Mystery. HarperCollins, 2009) Soap SoapSoap gumdrops, soap cigars, soap pickles, soap chocolates, and even a bar of soap soap that dyed its user an indelible blue made life exciting for the friends of a Johnson Smith addict.(Jean Shepherd, A Fistful of Fig Newtons. Random House, 1981) Commitment and CommitmentIn relationships, theres commitment and commitment, the kind  that involves a license, usually some kind of religious blessing and a ceremony in which every one of your close friends and relatives watches you and your partner promise to stay together until one of you dies.(Aziz Ansari, Everything You Thought You Knew About L-o-v-e Is Wrong. Time, June 15, 2015) Woman-WomanThe crux of [Federica Monysenys] feminist message was that each and every woman should fulfill her own potential as a unique individual, as a woman-woman, not as a masculinized woman-man nor as a feminine woman-female.(Catherine Davies, Spanish Womens Writing, 1849-1996. Athlone Press, 1998) Indian IndianFor an Indian Indian, there simpl y isnt any future in an Anglo-Indian world.(Duleep in the novel The Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott. Heinemann, 1966) The Real MeaningRecently, I overheard someone say: You mean hes GONE gone? This person was asking whether the chap had actually gone for good, as opposed to just ducking out for a wee while. . . .In these examples, the copied expression points to the real or true meaning of the term referred to. You can usually rephrase the whole thing using modifiers like real or really. . . . [I]nstead of Hes GONE gone, you could say Hes really gone. Usually the repetition indicates that the literal meaning is intended.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins, 2011) Noun-NouningBy repeating a noun twice, one invokes the nouns generic form, its invariant-memory form. No, I dont want blue khakis with pleats. Just give me clean generic beige khaki-khakis. Or, Officer, Ive tried to remember what kind of car the getaway car was but I cant- it was just a car-car.(Douglas Coupland, Player One: What Is to Become of Us. House of Anansi Press, 2010) The Lighter Side of Word WordsDetective Charlie Crews: The girl at Lolas, she told me that the dead shoe store guy and the hat kiosk girl are in there a lot, together.Detective Dani Reese: Together together?Detective Charlie Crews: Together together.(Damian Lewis and Sarah Shahi, Black Friday. Life, 2008)

International Accouting-answers 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Accouting-answers 2 - Essay Example Options on the other hand are contractual agreements where one is given a right to exchange foreign currencies at a pre-agreed rate on a specific date in future. In this case however, the buyer has an option to exercise the contract or not therefore in the event that the foreign currency depreciates, he can opt to pay at the spot rate (Hull, 2006). It is therefore clear that forward currency options are more advantageous than forward contracts in the case of ABC. The calculation of income using the historical cost model means that costs are recorded in the income statement at their historical value or the actual cost when they were incurred. This method does not consider the current market value of the item. Liabilities are therefore recorded at their actual historical cost and it is assumed that there is no change in their value (money has a constant purchasing power) (Power, 2010). The calculation of income using the current cost model on the other hand means that the liabilities and assets are measured using their current realisable or market value. In this case, the measurement of the costs is considered to be more relevant and therefore the amount of income calculated using this method is also considered to reflect the current state of affairs in the firm. It is therefore clear the current cost model provides a more accurate calculation of income since the costs are measured at fair value (Laux & Leuz, 2009). Translation of financial statements prepared in a foreign currency is a critical part of financial reporting in that it allows for foreign investors to understand the financial statements in terms of the principles used in the preparation as well as the figures in terms of the local currency. An investor will therefore be able to make their decisions based on the specific valuations of the company in their local currency while in a case where they are not translated; an investor may not know which foreign

The Evedentialist view Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Evedentialist view - Essay Example Does faith entertain the principle of seeing for the sake of believing as a reasonable school of thought when it comes to the principle of belief and religion? Evidentialist holds that facts speak for themselves and that the basis for believing will depend upon the degree of factual evidences that prove the validity of something. In Christian apologetics today, evidentialism seeks to show the truth of the religion by demonstrating its factuality compared to the classical views, which regard logic as the primary criterion of truth and faith. The evidentialist view assigns the criterion of belief on the basis of facts and not just reason2; one finds evidences and factual data that prove the existence of what is believed to be the truth. In the modern world, people, due to the availability of many points of view, do not tend to believe in something that is not proven or does not present enough facts. Evidentialism works on the principle of evidence based on witnessed and felt facts that prove the existence of something rather than on false beliefs based on pure reason. Moreover, the evidentialist view will denote a positive idea if applied to life principles but not to all aspects of life, especially religion, which works more on the principle of faith, not on the principle of facts. ... Evidentialism dominates the modern culture; every reasonable theory should be testable and should have factual data to support its existence. It is believed that visual capabilities provide a hard evidence of existence, unlike cognitions or thoughts which are not based on senses but are mere beliefs that provide less reliable evidence or sometimes none at all. Therefore, religion, which is not usually based on senses, cannot meet the standards set by the evidentialist viewpoint – that is why evidentialism supports the modern critique of religion3. There are some objections to evidentialism. It is argued that the idea of evidentialism is somewhat controversial. Firstly, it defies the principle of conservatism; it is governed more by the desire to avoid falsehood than the desire to arrive at the truth. Another argument states that if the principle of sufficient evidence works, people would be forced to abandon most of their beliefs. Furthermore, it states that evidentialism does not explain the way people come to most of their beliefs based on what they perceive to be reliable and trustworthy testimony of others, without requiring an extensive evaluation of the evidence that others have passed along4. Although evidentialism is plagued with contradictions as regards connecting facts with faith, one cannot deny the strength it has as a belief principle that justification is a reason-giving conception of arriving at true beliefs. It holds the idea that what a person really believes is something that is true and not based on myths and passed-on fallacies. Evidentialism, in my opinion, strives to achieve the greater good, because it